Linux
測試故障磁碟
我有一個降級的 RAID-1 設置，我正在嘗試解決問題，無論它是完全當機（並且需要將驅動器送回供應商）還是可以恢復。
所以我跑了
smartctl：root@linux:~# smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda smartctl 6.5 2016-01-24 r4214 [x86_64-linux-4.4.0-176-generic] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1 Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error # 1 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 1930 - # 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 1930 - # 3 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 1930 -看起來挺好的。讓我們看看其他的東西：
root@linux:~# smartctl --all /dev/sda smartctl 6.5 2016-01-24 r4214 [x86_64-linux-4.4.0-176-generic] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org === START OF INFORMATION SECTION === Model Family: Western Digital Red Device Model: WDC WD40EFRX-68N32N0 Serial Number: WD-WCC7K3NU4V6D LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 211e15108 Firmware Version: 82.00A82 User Capacity: 4,000,787,030,016 bytes [4.00 TB] Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm Form Factor: 3.5 inches Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show] ATA Version is: ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 5 SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s) Local Time is: Sun Mar 29 23:04:32 2020 CEST SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability. SMART support is: Enabled === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED General SMART Values: Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity was never started. Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled. Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed without error or no self-test has ever been run. Total time to complete Offline data collection: (44340) seconds. Offline data collection capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate. Auto Offline data collection on/off support. Suspend Offline collection upon new command. Offline surface scan supported. Self-test supported. Conveyance Self-test supported. Selective Self-test supported. SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering power-saving mode. Supports SMART auto save timer. Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported. General Purpose Logging supported. Short self-test routine recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes. Extended self-test routine recommended polling time: ( 470) minutes. Conveyance self-test routine recommended polling time: ( 5) minutes. SCT capabilities: (0x303d) SCT Status supported. SCT Error Recovery Control supported. SCT Feature Control supported. SCT Data Table supported. SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16 Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 100 253 021 Pre-fail Always - 0 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0 7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 098 098 000 Old_age Always - 1930 10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3 192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 1286 194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 117 114 000 Old_age Always - 33 196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 0 199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 0 SMART Error Log Version: 1 ATA Error Count: 1757 (device log contains only the most recent five errors) CR = Command Register [HEX] FR = Features Register [HEX] SC = Sector Count Register [HEX] SN = Sector Number Register [HEX] CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX] CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX] DH = Device/Head Register [HEX] DC = Device Command Register [HEX] ER = Error register [HEX] ST = Status register [HEX] Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes, SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days. Error 1757 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 1930 hours (80 days + 10 hours) When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle. After command completion occurred, registers were: ER ST SC SN CL CH DH -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 04 61 02 00 00 00 a0 Device Fault; Error: ABRT Commands leading to the command that caused the error were: CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- -------------------- ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.077 SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature] ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.077 IDENTIFY DEVICE ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.077 SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode] ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.073 SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature] ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.073 IDENTIFY DEVICE Error 1756 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 1930 hours (80 days + 10 hours) When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle. After command completion occurred, registers were: ER ST SC SN CL CH DH -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 04 61 46 00 00 00 a0 Device Fault; Error: ABRT Commands leading to the command that caused the error were: CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- -------------------- ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.077 SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode] ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.073 SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature] ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.073 IDENTIFY DEVICE c8 00 08 08 00 00 e0 08 11d+12:18:30.051 READ DMA ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.041 SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature] Error 1755 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 1930 hours (80 days + 10 hours) When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle. After command completion occurred, registers were: ER ST SC SN CL CH DH -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 04 61 02 00 00 00 a0 Device Fault; Error: ABRT Commands leading to the command that caused the error were: CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- -------------------- ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.073 SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature] ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.073 IDENTIFY DEVICE c8 00 08 08 00 00 e0 08 11d+12:18:30.051 READ DMA ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.041 SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature] ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.040 IDENTIFY DEVICE Error 1754 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 1930 hours (80 days + 10 hours) When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle. After command completion occurred, registers were: ER ST SC SN CL CH DH -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 04 61 08 08 00 00 e0 Device Fault; Error: ABRT 8 sectors at LBA = 0x00000008 = 8 Commands leading to the command that caused the error were: CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- -------------------- c8 00 08 08 00 00 e0 08 11d+12:18:30.051 READ DMA ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.041 SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature] ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.040 IDENTIFY DEVICE ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.040 SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode] ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.037 SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature] Error 1753 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 1930 hours (80 days + 10 hours) When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle. After command completion occurred, registers were: ER ST SC SN CL CH DH -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 04 61 02 00 00 00 a0 Device Fault; Error: ABRT Commands leading to the command that caused the error were: CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- -------------------- ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.041 SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature] ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.040 IDENTIFY DEVICE ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.040 SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode] ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.037 SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature] ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08 11d+12:18:30.037 IDENTIFY DEVICE SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1 Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error # 1 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 1930 - # 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 1930 - # 3 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 1930 - SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1 SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS 1 0 0 Not_testing 2 0 0 Not_testing 3 0 0 Not_testing 4 0 0 Not_testing 5 0 0 Not_testing Selective self-test flags (0x0): After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk. If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.我試圖查看輸出，但不幸的是我不是分析 smartctl 輸出的專家。它說驅動器通過了測試：
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED在門檻部分，一切看起來都不錯（這是一個相當新的 WD Red HDD，幾個月前）。
在輸出結束時，雖然有很多錯誤。我試圖查找它們，但沒有運氣。
另一方面，我根本無法使用磁碟：
root@idealib:~# fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.27.1). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. fdisk: cannot open /dev/sda: Input/output error
dmesg看起來也很糟糕：[ 1708.769491] ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x0 action 0x0 [ 1708.771763] ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000001 [ 1708.773710] ata1.00: failed command: READ DMA [ 1708.775667] ata1.00: cmd c8/00:08:08:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/e0 tag 15 dma 4096 in res 61/04:08:08:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/e0 Emask 0x1 (device error) [ 1708.779619] ata1.00: status: { DRDY DF ERR } [ 1708.781613] ata1.00: error: { ABRT } [ 1708.784344] ata1.00: failed to enable AA (error_mask=0x1) [ 1708.787355] ata1.00: failed to enable AA (error_mask=0x1) [ 1708.789183] ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133 (device error ignored) [ 1708.796930] ata1: EH complete在我可以 100% 確定磁碟有故障並且需要更換之前，我還應該進行哪些其他測試？或者它已經死了，我應該接受它？:)
我對 SMART 數據無能為力（我沒那麼聰明！），但我用來戳驅動器的預設工具是 badblocks。
是一種查找硬碟壞塊的工具。如果您可以刪除數據，那麼值得在破壞性模式下執行它 - 請注意，這將需要一些時間來執行！：
badblocks -wsv /dev/sda在 Arch wiki ( https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/badblocks ) 上有關於該工具及其使用方法的非常好的資訊。
您可以嘗試的另一個工具是 Spinrite，它在啟動時在 freedos 環境中執行。它有點舊，但在磁碟上確實很低級。如果您使用它，我建議進行 4 級掃描。https://www.grc.com/sr/spinrite.htm
我相信你已經這樣做了，但我總是建議檢查/更換 SATA 電纜、主機板上的埠等。我被這種問題所困擾的次數比我承認的要多。