伺服器超載，表現得像記憶體不足，但事實並非如此

我有一個 Centos 6.5 伺服器，執行 QEMU-KVM 虛擬化：

硬體：

• 40 個 CPU
• 400 GB 記憶體

軟體：

• 核心：2.6.32-431.17.1.el6.x86_64
• qem：0.12.1.2
• Libvirt：0.10.2

有 3 位客人，具有相同的硬體配置：

• 16 個 CPU
• 120 GB 記憶體

<memory unit=‘KiB’>125829120</memory>

<currentMemory unit=‘KiB’>125829120</currentMemory>

<vcpu placement=‘static’>16</vcpu>

來賓正在執行 Apache 和 MySQL。

在主機上，除了虛擬機之外只執行一些備份和維護腳本，沒有別的。

總是在執行幾天后，問題開始出現。客人的負載隨機飆升至約 150，竊取 cpu 時間為 10-15%。在主機上，負載在 38-40 左右，使用者 cpu 時間約為 30-40%，系統 cpu 時間為 40-50%。

在那一刻主機上最消耗 CPU 的程序是虛擬客戶的 Qemu 程序，緊隨其後的是 kswapd0 和 kswapd1，CPU 使用率為 100%。

那一刻的記憶體使用情況：

• RAM 總計 378.48 GB
• 使用的記憶體 330.82 GB
• 可用記憶體 47.66 GB
• 交換總計 500.24 MB
• 交換使用 497.13 MB
• 免費交換 3192 kB

加上 10-20 GB RAM 的緩衝區。

因此，從記憶體使用的角度來看，應該沒有任何問題。但是 kswapd 程序的繁重工作表明記憶體不足，以及該方向的完整交換點（當我打開和打開交換時，它會在幾分鐘內被填滿）。偶爾，OOM-killer 會殺死一些程序：

Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: active_anon:79945387 inactive_anon:3660742 isolated_anon:0
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: active_file:252 inactive_file:0 isolated_file:0
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: unevictable:0 dirty:2 writeback:0 unstable:0
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: free:12513746 slab_reclaimable:5001 slab_unreclaimable:1759785
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: mapped:213 shmem:41 pagetables:188243 bounce:0
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Node 0 DMA free:15728kB min:0kB low:0kB high:0kB active_anon:0kB inactive_anon:0kB active_file:0kB inactive_file:0kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:15332kB mlocked:0kB dirty:0kB writeback:0kB mapped:0kB shmem:0kB slab_reclaimable:0kB slab_unreclaimable:0kB kernel_stack:0kB pagetables:0kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? yes
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 2965 193855 193855
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Node 0 DMA32 free:431968kB min:688kB low:860kB high:1032kB active_anon:0kB inactive_anon:0kB active_file:0kB inactive_file:0kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:3037072kB mlocked:0kB dirty:0kB writeback:0kB mapped:0kB shmem:0kB slab_reclaimable:0kB slab_unreclaimable:0kB kernel_stack:0kB pagetables:0kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? yes
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 190890 190890
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Node 0 Normal free:6593828kB min:44356kB low:55444kB high:66532kB active_anon:178841380kB inactive_anon:7783292kB active_file:540kB inactive_file:0kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:195471360kB mlocked:0kB dirty:8kB writeback:0kB mapped:312kB shmem:48kB slab_reclaimable:11136kB slab_unreclaimable:1959664kB kernel_stack:5104kB pagetables:397332kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Node 1 Normal free:43013460kB min:45060kB low:56324kB high:67588kB active_anon:140940168kB inactive_anon:6859676kB active_file:468kB inactive_file:56kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:198574076kB mlocked:0kB dirty:0kB writeback:0kB mapped:540kB shmem:116kB slab_reclaimable:8868kB slab_unreclaimable:5079476kB kernel_stack:2856kB pagetables:355640kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Node 0 DMA: 2*4kB 1*8kB 2*16kB 2*32kB 2*64kB 1*128kB 0*256kB 0*512kB 1*1024kB 1*2048kB 3*4096kB = 15728kB
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Node 0 DMA32: 10*4kB 11*8kB 12*16kB 13*32kB 12*64kB 5*128kB 7*256kB 10*512kB 9*1024kB 6*2048kB 98*4096kB = 431968kB
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Node 0 Normal: 1648026*4kB 0*8kB 0*16kB 0*32kB 0*64kB 0*128kB 0*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 6592104kB
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Node 1 Normal: 8390977*4kB 1181188*8kB 0*16kB 0*32kB 0*64kB 0*128kB 0*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 43013412kB
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: 49429 total pagecache pages
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: 48929 pages in swap cache
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Swap cache stats: add 2688331, delete 2639402, find 16219898/16530111
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Free swap  = 3264kB
Nov 20 12:42:42 wv2-f302 kernel: Total swap = 512248kB
Nov 20 12:42:44 wv2-f302 kernel: 100663294 pages RAM
Nov 20 12:42:44 wv2-f302 kernel: 1446311 pages reserved
Nov 20 12:42:44 wv2-f302 kernel: 10374115 pages shared
Nov 20 12:42:44 wv2-f302 kernel: 84534113 pages non-shared

Oct 27 14:24:43 wv2-f302 kernel: [ pid ]   uid  tgid total_vm      rss cpu oom_adj oom_score_adj name
Oct 27 14:24:43 wv2-f302 kernel: [ 3878]     0  3878 32042399 31569413  10       0             0 qemu_wl52
Oct 27 14:24:43 wv2-f302 kernel: [ 4321]     0  4321 32092081 31599762  20       0             0 qemu_wl51
Oct 27 14:24:43 wv2-f302 kernel: [ 4394]     0  4394 32106979 31575717  15       0             0 qemu_wl50
...
Oct 27 14:24:43 wv2-f302 kernel: Out of memory: Kill process 3878 (qemu_wl52) score 318 or sacrifice child
Oct 27 14:24:43 wv2-f302 kernel: Killed process 3878, UID 0, (qemu_wl52) total-vm:128169596kB, anon-rss:126277476kB, file-rss:176kB

完整轉儲：http ://evilcigi.eu/msg/msg.txt

然後我啟動被殺死的客人，從那一刻起，一切都很好，幾天……使用與問題之前相同的記憶體使用：

• RAM 總計 378.48 GB
• 使用的 RAM 336.15 GB
• 可用記憶體 42.33 GB
• 交換總計 500.24 MB
• 交換使用 344.55 MB
• 免費交換 155.69 MB

伺服器是否有可能以某種方式嚴重計算記憶體？還是我缺少什麼？

我想到一件事，該主機將所有可用記憶體放在緩衝區和記憶體中，然後遭受記憶體短缺（呼叫 OOM-killer）？但是，我認為，不應該發生，對吧？此外，這並不能解釋殺戮前的行為。

先感謝您。

---

所以今天問題又出現了，這裡是/proc/meminfo的內容：

MemTotal:       396867932 kB
MemFree:         9720268 kB
Buffers:        53354000 kB
Cached:            22196 kB
SwapCached:       343964 kB
Active:         331872796 kB
Inactive:       41283992 kB
Active(anon):   305458432 kB
Inactive(anon): 14322324 kB
Active(file):   26414364 kB
Inactive(file): 26961668 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:        512248 kB
SwapFree:              0 kB
Dirty:                48 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:      319438656 kB
Mapped:             8536 kB
Shmem:               164 kB
Slab:            9052784 kB
SReclaimable:    2014752 kB
SUnreclaim:      7038032 kB
KernelStack:        8064 kB
PageTables:       650892 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:    198946212 kB
Committed_AS:   383832752 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:     1824832 kB
VmallocChunk:   34157271228 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:  31502336 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:        7852 kB
DirectMap2M:     3102720 kB
DirectMap1G:    399507456 kB

似乎所有“空閒”記憶體都用在了緩衝區中。

---

在@Matthew Ife 關於記憶體碎片的提示之後，我已經壓縮了記憶體並在主機上刪除了記憶體（以釋放 60 GB 的緩衝區），使用這些命令：

echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
echo 1 >/proc/sys/vm/compact_memory

這是記憶體碎片現在的樣子：

# cat /proc/buddyinfo
Node 0, zone      DMA      2      1      2      2      2      1      0      0      1      1      3 
Node 0, zone    DMA32     12     12     13     16     10      5      7     10      9      6     98 
Node 0, zone   Normal 2398537 469407 144288  97224  58276  24155   8153   3141   1299    451     75 
Node 1, zone   Normal 9182926 2727543 648104  81843   7915   1267    244     67      3      1      0

---

更新 2014/11/25 - 伺服器再次超載：

# cat /proc/buddyinfo
Node 0, zone      DMA      2      1      2      2      2      1      0      0      1      1      3 
Node 0, zone    DMA32     12     12     13     16     10      5      7     10      9      6     98 
Node 0, zone   Normal 4374385  85408      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0 
Node 1, zone   Normal 1830850 261703    460     14      0      0      0      0      0      0      0 

# cat /proc/meminfo 
MemTotal:       396867932 kB
MemFree:        28038892 kB
Buffers:        49126656 kB
Cached:            19088 kB
SwapCached:       303624 kB
Active:         305426204 kB
Inactive:       49729776 kB
Active(anon):   292040988 kB
Inactive(anon): 13969376 kB
Active(file):   13385216 kB
Inactive(file): 35760400 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:        512248 kB
SwapFree:             20 kB
Dirty:                28 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:      305706632 kB
Mapped:             9324 kB
Shmem:               124 kB
Slab:            8616228 kB
SReclaimable:    1580736 kB
SUnreclaim:      7035492 kB
KernelStack:        8200 kB
PageTables:       702268 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:    198946212 kB
Committed_AS:   384014048 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:     1824832 kB
VmallocChunk:   34157271228 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:  31670272 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:        7852 kB
DirectMap2M:     3102720 kB
DirectMap1G:    399507456 kB

在 syslog 中有一些頁面分配失敗：

Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: qemu_wl50: page allocation failure. order:4, mode:0x20
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: Pid: 4444, comm: qemu_wl50 Not tainted 2.6.32-431.17.1.el6.x86_64 #1
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: Call Trace:
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: <IRQ>  [<ffffffff8112f64a>] ? __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x74a/0x8d0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8116e082>] ? kmem_getpages+0x62/0x170
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8116ec9a>] ? fallback_alloc+0x1ba/0x270
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8116ea19>] ? ____cache_alloc_node+0x99/0x160
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8116fbe0>] ? kmem_cache_alloc_node_trace+0x90/0x200
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8116fdfd>] ? __kmalloc_node+0x4d/0x60
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8144ff5a>] ? __alloc_skb+0x7a/0x180
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff81451070>] ? skb_copy+0x40/0xb0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa013a55c>] ? tg3_start_xmit+0xa8c/0xd80 [tg3]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814603e4>] ? dev_hard_start_xmit+0x224/0x480
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8147be6a>] ? sch_direct_xmit+0x15a/0x1c0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814608e8>] ? dev_queue_xmit+0x228/0x320
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa02c8898>] ? br_dev_queue_push_xmit+0x88/0xc0 [bridge]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa02c8928>] ? br_forward_finish+0x58/0x60 [bridge]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa02c8ae8>] ? __br_deliver+0x78/0x110 [bridge]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa02c8bb5>] ? br_deliver+0x35/0x40 [bridge]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa02c78f4>] ? br_dev_xmit+0x114/0x140 [bridge]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814603e4>] ? dev_hard_start_xmit+0x224/0x480
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8146087d>] ? dev_queue_xmit+0x1bd/0x320
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff81466785>] ? neigh_resolve_output+0x105/0x2d0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8149a2f8>] ? ip_finish_output+0x148/0x310
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8149a578>] ? ip_output+0xb8/0xc0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8149983f>] ? __ip_local_out+0x9f/0xb0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff81499875>] ? ip_local_out+0x25/0x30
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff81499d50>] ? ip_queue_xmit+0x190/0x420
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814af06e>] ? tcp_transmit_skb+0x40e/0x7b0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814b15b0>] ? tcp_write_xmit+0x230/0xa90
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814b2130>] ? __tcp_push_pending_frames+0x30/0xe0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814a9893>] ? tcp_data_snd_check+0x33/0x100
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814ad491>] ? tcp_rcv_established+0x381/0x7f0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814b5873>] ? tcp_v4_do_rcv+0x2e3/0x490
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa02b1557>] ? ipv4_confirm+0x87/0x1d0 [nf_conntrack_ipv4]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa0124441>] ? nf_nat_fn+0x91/0x260 [iptable_nat]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814b717a>] ? tcp_v4_rcv+0x51a/0x900
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff81494300>] ? ip_local_deliver_finish+0x0/0x2d0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814943dd>] ? ip_local_deliver_finish+0xdd/0x2d0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff81494668>] ? ip_local_deliver+0x98/0xa0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff81493b2d>] ? ip_rcv_finish+0x12d/0x440
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff814940b5>] ? ip_rcv+0x275/0x350
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff81489509>] ? nf_iterate+0x69/0xb0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8145b5db>] ? __netif_receive_skb+0x4ab/0x750
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8145f1f0>] ? netif_receive_skb+0x0/0x60
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8145f248>] ? netif_receive_skb+0x58/0x60
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa02c9af8>] ? br_handle_frame_finish+0x1e8/0x2a0 [bridge]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa02c9d5a>] ? br_handle_frame+0x1aa/0x250 [bridge]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8145b659>] ? __netif_receive_skb+0x529/0x750
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8145f248>] ? netif_receive_skb+0x58/0x60
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8145f350>] ? napi_skb_finish+0x50/0x70
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff81460ab9>] ? napi_gro_receive+0x39/0x50
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa0136b54>] ? tg3_poll_work+0xc24/0x1020 [tg3]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa0136f9c>] ? tg3_poll_msix+0x4c/0x150 [tg3]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff81460bd3>] ? net_rx_action+0x103/0x2f0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff810a6da9>] ? ktime_get+0x69/0xf0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8107a551>] ? __do_softirq+0xc1/0x1e0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff810e6b20>] ? handle_IRQ_event+0x60/0x170
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8100c30c>] ? call_softirq+0x1c/0x30
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8100fa75>] ? do_softirq+0x65/0xa0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8107a405>] ? irq_exit+0x85/0x90
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff815312c5>] ? do_IRQ+0x75/0xf0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: <EOI>  [<ffffffffa018e271>] ? kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_run+0x4c1/0x10b0 [kvm]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa018e25f>] ? kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_run+0x4af/0x10b0 [kvm]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff810aee2e>] ? futex_wake+0x10e/0x120
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffffa0175b04>] ? kvm_vcpu_ioctl+0x434/0x580 [kvm]
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8100b9ce>] ? common_interrupt+0xe/0x13
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8119d802>] ? vfs_ioctl+0x22/0xa0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8119dcca>] ? do_vfs_ioctl+0x3aa/0x580
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff810b186b>] ? sys_futex+0x7b/0x170
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8119df21>] ? sys_ioctl+0x81/0xa0
Nov 25 09:14:07 wv2-f302 kernel: [<ffffffff8100b072>] ? system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b

---

編輯：通過減少分配給客人的記憶體解決了這個問題。現在有 3 個來賓，每個都有 80 GB RAM，給主機系統留下大約 150 GB RAM：

# free -h
             total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           377G        243G         29G        1,9G        104G        132G

有很多可用記憶體，但這些區域完全是零散的：

Node 0 Normal: 1648026*4kB 0*8kB 0*16kB 0*32kB 0*64kB 0*128kB 0*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 6592104kB
Node 1 Normal: 8390977*4kB 1181188*8kB 0*16kB 0*32kB 0*64kB 0*128kB 0*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB

剩下的非零序頁面很少，一個區域根本沒有。

我不能保證，但您可能想嘗試關閉 ksmd 並重新壓縮記憶體。壓縮只會在更高階的頁面分配上自動呼叫，並且從不呼叫 oom-killer，所以我假設系統試圖從 2 或 3 階分配記憶體並卡住了。

壓縮記憶體執行echo 1 >/proc/sys/vm/compact_memory

這個問題只有這麼多，但我懷疑ksmd是通過掃描兩個VM中重複的頁面並將它們全部交換來導致碎片。

@Matthew 的答案應該被標記為這個問題的解決方案。清楚地顯示碎片（由於/proc/buddyinfoksmd 或其他行為）。記憶體壓縮是一個有效的解決方案。

我們剛剛在我們的伺服器上遇到了同樣的問題：

# cat /proc/buddyinfo
Node 0, zone      DMA      1      0      1      0      0      1      0      0      0      1      3
Node 0, zone    DMA32   4941  14025  10661   1462   1715    154      1      0      0      0      0
Node 0, zone   Normal 420283 217678   3852      3      1      0      1      1      1      0      0
Node 1, zone   Normal 1178429 294431  21420    340      7      2      1      2      0      0      0

這清楚地顯示了碎片，因為大多數記憶體被分割成許多小塊的記憶體（左邊的大數字，右邊的零）。

現在壓縮解決了這個問題：

# echo 1 >/proc/sys/vm/compact_memory
# cat /proc/buddyinfo
Node 0, zone      DMA      1      0      1      0      0      1      0      0      0      1      3
Node 0, zone    DMA32    485   1746   8588   3311   2076    505     98     19      3      0      0
Node 0, zone   Normal  83764  22474   8597   3130   1971   1421   1090    808    556    358     95
Node 1, zone   Normal  51928  36053  36093  29024  21498  13148   5719   1405    151      8      0

引用自：https://serverfault.com/questions/645831